When Animals Speak

The difference between humanity and animality cannot be reduced to evolution, or to an abyss between body and consciousness,

relationship between humanity and animality is lateral, rather than hierarchical; humanity neither emerges from animality teleologically, nor is it cut off from it.

parrots can learn to use words or phrases on the right occasion

further excludes other animals because language is seen as the expression of objective, determinate meanings that are presented as universally true, but which are in fact based on human language

meaning is always generated between different perspectives and comes into being through interaction, not by referring to a pre-given truth.

. As we have already seen, there is a strong connection between anthropocentrism—seeing language as exclusively human—and the borders of the political community.

Who speaks, who is heard, and who determines this are important questions in political interspecies interactions.

we are as vulnerable as other animals, and our knowledge is always limited by our sensory mechanisms, ways of being situated socially and politically, or more generally, by our spe

Each individual, human or non-human, belongs to different groups, with regard to gender, age, species, race, and so on.

naturalistic ethic, an empirical refutation of empirical claims stating that other animals are like humans, will not suffice. This would leave the structure of the debate intact, and could lead to measuring the worth of other animals on the basis of their resemblance to humans (Wolfe 2003).