Chip War

Silicon Valley’s low market share in Japan cost American companies billions of dollars in sales

Some big Japanese chip consumers such as NTT, Japan’s national telecom monopoly, bought almost exclusively from Japanese suppliers.

of chips U.S. firms could sell there

Until 1974, Japan imposed quotas limiting the number

left Fairchild to found Intel, where they hired dozens of Fairchild employees, including Andy Grove.

It took a decade of litigation between Fairchild and Texas Instruments to resolve the question of whether Noyce or Kilby had invented the integrated circuit, for example.

but many Americans saw the submarine case as further evidence of Japanese dirty dealing

it turned out—that the company sold the Soviets machinery that helped them build quieter submarines

Toshiba, the Japanese industrial conglomerate that by the mid-1980s was a world-leading DRAM producer, spent years fighting

Hitachi wasn’t alone. Mitsubishi Electric faced similar charges