A History of the World in Numbers

The Sumerians devised a seven-day week, naming five days after the five known planets – our Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn – and the other two after the Moon and Sun.

Though the date of the Buddha’s death is uncertain, we know that his body was cremated and his ashes placed in eight urns buried in earth mounds. Two centuries later the Maurya Emperor of India, Ashoka (see here), would excavate these urns and subdivide them to create 84,000 memorial shrines to Buddha.

AMENDMENT
133 SLAVES THROWN

Despite periodic economic downturns, natural disasters and conflicts that continue to erupt around the globe, more people today live longer, live a healthier lifestyle and have a far higher standard of living than ever before, and the Second World War was the main catalyst that instigated changes in the modern age. If the pace of progress we have seen since the end of that landmark is maintained, then the numbers are looking good for the future

I would also like to thank my husband Robin for his sterling support on the home front.

and complex history of man, and encapsulate in an instant the enormity or inconsequentiality of an event in the past.
There is also something solid and indisputable about numbers, making them a useful tool for anyone hoping to convey the history of the world in one short book. That’s not to say that numbers can’t be exaggerated, massaged, or even blatantly wrong – as so often they are – and just like words, they too can distort our view of history.
With this in mind, however, numbers do help to provide a sort of filing system for the past. We love to compartmentalize history, reordering it into tidy folders, labelling them with numbers of note. By this means numbers seem to leap out of the annals of history right into our collective consciousness, to remain lodged in our minds long after other facts have fallen away. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Martin Luther’s ninety-five theses, Henry VIII’s six wives, Marx’s six stages of history, all provide testament to the staying power of numbers.
Different types of numbers can alter our perspective on history. Vast numbers inform us how many people are living on the planet or how many millions are massacred in war. (Too often numbers convey the grim realities of life in the past – how millions have perished from disease, on the battlefield, or merely through the whims of a single deluded monarch or leader.) Large numbers can illustrate the broad sweep of history, from mass movements of populations to the expansion of empires (and often their sudden demise), the profound effects of industrialization and the growth of a global economy.
Smaller numbers, however, are no less significant: they measure the living details of history, the tiny shifts that may have vast consequences. The perfect proportions of Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man, the components of a ‘piece of eight’ silver coin, the US constitution’s thirteenth amendment, all were to have a lasting impact on the history of the world.
The nature of our past – peculiar, extraordinary, often fortuitous – can also be wonderfully illustrated by num

The Fertile Crescent, 10,000–4,500 BCE

The Fertile Crescent,